The Kinsey Scale - 1277 Words

Human Sexuality 21 Professor Lanoix December 4, 2012 Pros and Cons of the Kinsey’s Scale Sex was such a horrible topic to talk about, but a biologist of Indiana University introduced a scale that broke the silence. The silence changed due to this biologist named Alfred C. Kinsey (1894-1956). Kinsey broke the silence because before the scale everyone would keep their sexual orientation to themselves and most likely did not tell anyone. In other words, he was a great influence to people because since then people have become a bit more open about themselves. The importance of Kinsey is that he has conducted several of researches. For instance, on one of his research he found out that many people had sexual experiences with both female†¦show more content†¦They would view the life of homosexuals with a clear mind that isn’t going to judge instead of fighting against what they have been taught since birth. The gender roles teach people how to act according to their sex; if someone goes against the traditional teachings than they are viewed as outcasts. Societ y looks at them as a mishap. This article strengthens the Kinsey scale because it shows how subjective views can affect the lives of people for the worse. For example, the subjective bias view of Wardle, a law professor at Brigham Young University has affected the lives of homosexuals in several states because he: charged the legal profession and social scientists with an ideological bias favoring gay rights that has compromised most research in this field and the liberal judicial and policy decisions it has informed. He presented a harshly critical assessment of the research and argued for a presumptive judicial standard in favor of awarding child custody to heterosexual married couples. The following year, Wardle drafted new state regulations in Utah that restrict adoption and foster care placements to households in which all adults are related by blood or marriage (Biblarz Stacey 2001). Wardle’s state regulations spread to â€Å"Florida, Arkansas, and Mississippi [they] have [also] imposed restrictions on adoption and/or foster care, and such bills have been introduced in the legislatures of 10 additional states† (Biblarz Stacey 2001). Paul Cameron,Show MoreRelatedAlfred Charles Kinsey s The Reception Of The Kinsey1378 Words   |  6 PagesAlfred Charles Kinsey vs. Historian Dagmar Herzog Alfred Charles Kinsey altered the way in which people of the twentieth century understood homosexuality. Kinsey’s findings created a great deal of discussion and controversy that became an enduring part of American culture. Historian Dagmar Herzog’s work The Reception of the Kinsey Reports in Europe observed European and American reactions to both volumes of Kinsey’s work. Alfred Charles Kinsey’s work supports and challenges Historian Dagmar Herzog’sRead MoreAlfred Kinsey s Influence On Sexuality1420 Words   |  6 PagesAlfred Kinsey remains one of the most controversial biologist human sexologist even 60 years after his death. Kinsey broke many taboos with his studies dealing with human sexuality such as masturbation, homosexuality, and premarital sex. While many of his methods was criticized by his peers, the field of psychology human sexuality would not be where it is without him. Alfred Kinsey was born in Hoboken, NJ in 1894(1). His paren ts were very strict Christian Methodists who were involved in the churchRead MoreDiversity in Sexual Orientation1149 Words   |  5 Pagescame across the work of Dr. Alfred Kinsey, the creator of the Kinsey scale. Dr. Kinsey created The Kinsey scale, a scale that attempts to describe and/or measure a persons sexual history or episodes of their sexual activity at a given time. â€Å"The scale ranked sexual behavior from 0 to 6, with 0 being completely heterosexual and 6 completely homosexual. An additional category, X, was mentioned to describe as asexual, those who experienced no sexual desire.† (Kinsey, et al. (1948), page 640, tableRead MoreAlfred Kinsey s Research On Sexual Orientation901 Words   |  4 Pageschallenge Alfred Kinsey’s findings. To begin with, Kinsey is known to be a famously flawed icon because of his problematic research sampling. It is said to be not representative of the population at the time since he mostly interviewed volunteers, who were apparently more open in sexual-related topic – perhaps because they had sex lives. In the 1990s, Edward Laumann of the University of Chicago, who conducted a similar research, smaller scale yet more reliable than Kinsey’s. His findings state thatRead MoreSexuality And Its Impact On Our Values And Experience Taught By Alfred C. Kinsey1649 Words   |  7 Pagesaccept it as a moral behavior. Yet they are people of religious faith who see sexuality on a whole another scale that is based on the ideas of heteronormativity and the rejection of what society see same sex practices. For me I internalized biblical values that conflicts with the ideas of diverse sexuality because it include same-sex intercourse. Nevertheless through the works of Alfred C. Kinsey , C.J Pascoe, Lisa L. Diamonds John Corvino and Tech they all point out the beauty of sexual fluidity andRead MoreCorrelation Between Self Esteem And Healthy Individuals996 Words   |  4 Pagescorrelations between self-esteem scores on the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1989) with relationship choice, including polyamory, swinging, BDSM and open relationships. The researcher believes that based on the evidence presented of individuals who engage in CNM having many of the same traits as those with higher scores on self-esteem scales that the individuals who engage in CNM will also score high on a self-esteem scale. (For this proposal non-consensual non-monogamous relationships willRead MoreOpen Marriages Are A Form Of Relationship1043 Words   |  5 PagesOpen marriages are a form of relationship first brought into the public eye by Alfred Kinsey in the 1960s. Since then, the idea of approved extra-martial affairs have become even more popular, despite the uneducated critics hollering about it being an insult to the institution of marriage, or a way to justify cheating on one’s significant other. As open marriages start to become a more feasible option for couples looking to explore their sexuality, a common question always seems to come up; thisRead MoreGay Marriage And Its Slow Progression Of Acceptance1441 Words   |  6 Pages instead occurs on a continuum, or in this case a spectrum of a wide variety of sexual identities that most are unaware of (Kinsey 1948). As most know, heterosexuality is the attraction to members of the opposite sex, while homosexuality is the attraction to members of the same sex, and bisexuality is the attraction to members of both sexes. However, biologist and professor Alfred Kinsey, argues that â€Å"males do not represent two discrete populations, heterosexual and homosexual. The world is not to be dividedRead MoreThe Issue Of Sexual Orientation1090 Words   |  5 Pagesnecessary. This is the reason why in 1948 sexologist Alfred Kinsey created the Heterosexual-Homosexual Rating Scale (commonly referred as Kinsey Scale). Kinsey proposed that the sexual behavioral attractions of humans should be analyzed individually in order to assign them a place in his scale. The scale consists of a rating from 0 through 6, which represents exclusively heterosexual and exclusively homosexual respectively. Although the scale describes sexual orientation as a continuum and does notRead MoreWhat Does It Mean? America? Essay1242 Words   |  5 Pagesover-sexualized by the media and subscribes to the delegitimization of female bisexuality and makes male bisexuality seem like just a stepping stone or a closet term for their own homosexuality. The Kinsey Scale is a chart that is intended to describe one’s sexuality/sexual experience. One side of the scale being exclusively heterosexual, while on the other side, exclusively homosexual; anything in-between is considered bisexual. This chart is misleading considering the fact that it does not include

The Matrix And The Allegory Of The Cave Analysis - 1102 Words

Written over two thousand years apart, The Matrix and The Allegory of the Cave still stir up the same type of intellectual discussions over full enlightenment despite taking place in an entirely different world. Written between 380 and 360 B.C, The Allegory of the Cave, depicts a hypothetical situation in which a group of prisoners have been chained since birth only able to see the shadows casted on to the wall in front of them. They know nothing more than the shadows they see on the wall, completely oblivious to everything going on in the world. However, just because that’s all they know, doesn’t mean that’s all there is, it isn’t until they are unchained and introduced to the real world that they are truly enlightened. Much later, in†¦show more content†¦Not knowing anything other than the shadows and not being told anything else has led them to believe that what they were looking at was true. Very similarly the matrix is a world created by comp uters creating a false reality for everyone living in it. The matrix creates a simulation of a world the humans are living in causing them to believe their world is real despite the fact the real world is being controlled by artificial intelligence. Lastly, the plot of each story is very similar. Both works begin by introducing the main character(s) who are living their life not knowing the truth about reality. And although it might happen in different ways, Neo and the prisoners are â€Å"freed† from what they know as reality and introduced to the real world. Each story then goes on to show how they are now capable of infinite wisdom now that they know what is in fact real. Despite each story going through that process quite differently, the main idea is essentially the same throughout The Matrix and The Allegory of the Cave. On the contrary, the stories differ in the fact that the prisoners in The Allegory weren’t able to choose to be enlightened like Neo did. The prisoners were unchained from the life the knew watching the shadows on the wall and were basically forced outside to the actual realities of the world. Neo was given the option to take theShow MoreRelatedThe Matrix And Allegory Of The Cave Analysis769 Words   |  4 Pagesboth The Matrix and Allegory of the Cave. The Matrix, written by Lana Wachowski illustrates many questions throughout. The main character, Neo, tries finding Morpheus in need of an answer to his question. What is the Matrix? Considering, Morpheus is the most dangerous man alive, he does all that he can to find him. Neo is approached by Trinity and led to the underworld to meet Morpheus. They soon realize that Neo is â€Å"The One† who can defeat the Matrix. Similarly,The Allegory of the Cave,which tookRead MoreAllegory Of The Cave And The Matrix Analysis1986 Wo rds   |  8 Pagespossible,† (The Matrix). These words spoken at the conclusion of the Wachowski Brothers’ 1999 film, The Matrix, by the main character Neo represent a deeper meaning and a connection to ancient literature many people viewing the film might not realize. This quote relates to a work of literature more than two millennia old, the narrative by Plato called The Allegory of the Cave. Much like how Neo must endure the stages of enlightenment to rise from the blissful ignorance controlled by the matrix in the movieRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Allegory Of The Cave And The Wachoskis The Matrix921 Words   |  4 PagesIn addition, the people in the allegory give up to walked out of the cave that still back to the dark. Besides in the movie, Neo found out that which the world, which he lived a long time was the in illusory world. Both of Plato’s â€Å"Allegory of the Cave† and the Wachoskis’ The Matrix are involved in this principles; ho wever, they are having some similarities and differences that between their changes and their worlds. In the allegory, the people who lived in the cave is restrained with the iron ropeRead MoreComparing The Matrix With Readings From Plato And Descartes1023 Words   |  5 Pagescontrasting The Matrix with readings from Plato and Descartes This essay will discuss The Matrix, from synopsis of the following; The Republic by Plato, depicting the famous cave allegory, and Meditations on First Philosophy by Descartes, offering doubt that some senses are accurate. By examining these two readings, and the movie, it will allow the author to show some comparisons, and to show how they are also different as this essay indicates the world is very real. The Matrix In The MatrixRead MoreEssay on The Matrix and Plato’s Allegory of the Cave 1922 Words   |  8 Pagesand what is simply illusion brought by our subjective view of the world? But when attempting to understand the nature of our existence, about why we are here, the complexities of life often make it difficult to interpret this subject. The film The Matrix centers on this same concept that the known world is an illusion. The movies core theme of reality and illusion is definite to the humans understanding of what the true meaning of life is. Ones understanding of reality is only defined by their choiceRead MoreAnalysis of Film The Matrix Essay1575 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis of Film The Matrix The Matrix, released at Easter in 1999, is both a piece of cinematic entertainment and a film portraying religious and philosophical allegories. The Matrix can therefore be viewed from two different perspectives; purely as an action film or instead on a deeper level, exploring the more insidious values hidden in the plot. As a piece of cinematic entertainment, the Matrix was a very successful film release. It contains fight scenes, chaseRead MoreAnalysis Of Irigaray In The Allegory Of The Cave756 Words   |  4 PagesIrigaray 2: Explain Irigaray’s role as a reader of Plato. What does she hope to do? In interpreting Plato’s â€Å"The Allegory of the Cave,† Luce Irigaray implements a feminist critique of his work; thus, exposing its aid in the patriarchy, while essentially providing a viable response to the male-oriented exclusion of women from advancing through philosophical thought. Throughout her analysis of Plato, Irigaray is wary of the assumptions plagued when reading Plato and gives further reason for pause andRead MoreThe And Of The Cave1314 Words   |  6 Pageswith his cave allegory explained in Lecture I: Plato (Lecture I: Plato, 2015, Dr. Jung-Yeup Kim). Human beings live in a cave in which they are prisoners. In order to be set free and to leave this cave, it is primordial for them to use mental analysis, in order words their reason. However, they might risk imprisoning themselves in a blinding logic by over reasoning and over rationalizing. Hence, it is necessary to understand how the use of reason permits individuals to escape from the cave. A humanRead MoreCartesian and Platonic Philosophical Themes in The Matrix Essay2065 Words   |  9 Pagesin the movie The Matrix. It will step through how the questions from the movie directly relate to both skepticism and the mind-body problem, and further how similarly those problems look to concepts raised by both Descartes’ and Plato’s philosophies. It will attempt to show that many of the questions raised in the movie are metaphor for concepts from each philosopher’s works, and why those concepts are important in relation to how they are presented in the film. In this analysis, we will examineRead More Platos The Republic and The Old Testament Essay2260 Words   |  10 Pagesprovide us with a more acute representation of those themes and ideas than would any individual portion thereof. The Perennial Philosophy, then, is exactly the point of view I will work from as I elucidate the connections between Plato’s allegory of the Cave and the Judeo-Christian myths. Both of these accounts, I will argue, make reference to precisely the same state of wakefulness that we encountered in the Buddhist parable above, but each does it in a manner constrained by the historical and

Stray Loss free essay sample

Generally, there is a simplified understanding that the socalled load losses in a transformer (load losses, PL ) depend on the ohmlc resistance of the windings. This Is only partly true, as the losses arising from magnetic leakage flux in various metal parts of a transformer constitute a signlflcant part of the total losses. This component of total losses is called 0 stray (additional) loss (Ps ). In addition, experts distinguish between the stray losses In the windings (winding eddy loss: ddy-current loss in conductors, and circulating-current loss in parallel strands) and outside the windings (stray 2 magnetic shield on the tank yoke clamping plate 3 core The company Kon ©ar Power Transformers (KPT) has been applying for over 25 years of a systematic approach in the research, control and continuous reduction of stray losses from magnetic leakage flux. Here are only several segments resulting from the complex and variegated activity, ohmic losses 12R, the calculation of stray losses represents an exceptionally complex process, for which there is still no standardised method of determining them in the ransformer calculation phase. The basis for the calculation of stray losses is the knowledge of the magnetic leakage field in a transformer. The main tool for solving this problem in KPT is a computer programme for the calculation of the magnetic leakage field in the transformer window, by means of which the magnetic field in a cylindrical coordinate system is determined at any point in or around the winding. Although stray losses, as a rule, are linked with the magnetic leakage field of windings, the high-current loops and their respective magnetic fields should not be neglected. Generally, stray losses appear in all metal parts penetrated y the magnetic leakage field produced by the windings or current losses in structural parts: tank, clamps, etc). Large transformers, especially autotransformers or transformers with higher short-circuit impedance, can generate stray losses accounting for 30-50% of the ohmic losses 12R, and, exceptionally, even more. The problem of transformer stray losses can be considered from three aspects: how to calculate them as accurately as possible, how to reduce them to a reasonable level, and how to prevent possible dangerous local overheating of transformer parts resulting from the losses. outer package of the core limb oops. This means that there are many potential locations where stray losses may appear, and the most important ones are those: in winding conductors, due to eddy-currents (skin-effect); in winding parallel strands, due to circulating currents; in tank, due to magnetic leakage flux from the windings; in tank cover, around the high-current bushings; in clamping plates of the core yoke, due to the winding leakage flux; in core sheets at the outer packages of the core limbs, due to the winding leakage flux. As stray losses are generated at many places in a transformer, it would be extremely difficult to determine ith sufficient reliability the total loss level by calculating every e I emen t individually. Therefore, simplified integral methods, yielding much better results on the basis of several influential parameters and coefficients determined from experience, are preferred. The main influential parameters that are most relevant in calculating stray losses are: a) the value of the magnetic leakage flux of windings, b) transformer tank shielding, and c) high-current loops in transformer. Stray losses in a transformer are reduced i. e. controlled by taking several appropriate measures, depending on the type and size of a ransformer. Some of the measures use of small-dimensioned conductors for windings; use of the so-called continuously transposed conductors in the case of high currents; optimum transposition of parallel strands; magnetic shielding of the inner tank walls; use of nonmagnetic steel in the areas of strong magnetic fields; maximum possible distance of all large metal parts from the strong magnetic fields; optimum spatial dimensioning of high-current loops; optimum selection of the winding type. Reduction of the total losses in a transformer results in increasing its efficiency (h), or decreasing the price of the active part. However, in the case of very large transformers, control of high local losses and prevention of local overheating (hot spots) is often a more important problem. For the control of the local losses and overheating KPT has developed several technical procedures and computer programmes. The following controls are frequently used: calculation of the maximum local losses in the windings (e. g. t the ends of the windings) due to eddyocurrents in conductors; calculation of losses and local overheating of core sheets at the outer packages of the core limbs; to magnetic leakage flux of the windings; control of local heating on the ransformer tank cover in the area of high-current bushings. A separate topic are additional losses and local hot-spots in special transformers with high-currents , such The application of transposed conductor is an efficient method for decreasing stray losses due to circulating currents and of skin-effect in high-current windings. ectifier and furnace transformers, where preventing of local overheating is more important problem than the level of additional losses. Additional measures for reducing local losses and overheating are applied in such transformers, for instance: electromagnetic shields made of luminium or copper plates, wooden yoke clamps instead of steel clamps. An appropriate question would be whether the achieved level of knowledge provides, from the aspect of stray losses and local overheating, sufficient guarantee that even the largest transformers with extremely high magnetic leakage flux will have relatively low values of stray losses and local overheating below the permissible level. The thirty years of experience in the production of large transformers in KPT, strict application of a wide range of technical procedures, together research on physical and mathematical models certainly give such guarantee. The verified permanent trend of decreasing the level of stray losses in transformers over the several past years speaks in favour of this manufacturer. KPT has developed a very efficient shielding system for the inner tank wall by means of magnetic shield of specific design. Magnetic shielding of the tank represents a standard technique of decreasing stray losses in medium-sized transformers,

Waste Generation Essay Example

Waste Generation Essay ‘Waste’ is a very general word, used to include anything that is no longer needed for use and is thrown away uncared. It has created and added a new problem to the environmental pollution. Pollution also creates serious problems for human health. There is remarkable growth in energy generation, fertilizers, pesticides, chemicals, production of coal etc. All these and much more is expected to increase in the years to come. For this, we need to understand different sources of waste. GENERATION OF WASTE: ITS SOURCES What is Waste? Any thing that is no longer needed for use and is thrown away uncared, is Waste. Wastes – (a) Occupy some space (wherever they are thrown), (b) produce smell and (c) have weight. Therefore, wastes are matter only. Therefore, the material, which is discarded after use, is referred to as waste. Usually the term waste is used for solid residues. Actually, waste is not only solid but also liquid and gaseous. Now it is clear that unwanted wastes contaminate air, water and soil ecosystems. Although all living beings generate waste products, in our country the population is more than 100 crore, hence we can imagine the amount of waste that is added to the surroundings. All human activities generate waste, therefore tones of waste is produced every year by various human activities. Most of the waste generated from household activities, industries, offices, hospitals and agriculture. Nevertheless, more waste is generated in urban areas than in villages. |DO YOU KNOW †¦..? | |Pollution refers to any undesirable change in our environment i. e. ir, water and soil that may adversely affect humans or other | |species. Pollutants cause the pollution. In simple words, pollutants are the wastes, which are residues of things we make use and throw| |away. | Sources of Waste Generation The sources of waste generation are many and vary from country to country and city to city. It is generated from a number of sources. The major sources are – 1. Domestic sources of waste 2 . Industrial sources of waste 3. Agricultural waste 4. Municipal waste 5. Commercial waste 6. Medical waste 7. Electronic waste 8. Hazardous waste 1. Domestic waste : We will write a custom essay sample on Waste Generation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Waste Generation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Waste Generation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Domestic sources of waste are commonly known as refuse. It can be classified into following categories – a) Garbage: These are the things that are used for a period and then thrown as waste. It contains fruits and vegetables peels, kitchen garbage, household rubbish, paper, plastics, glasses, broken bottles, etc. It has to be deposited properly as it breeds flies and insects. They spread various diseases. b) Rubbish: It contains paper, plastics, rubber, wood etc. c) Excreta: It contains human and animal excreta. It should be properly disposed, otherwise causes environmental pollution. ) Sullage: It is the wastewater disposed off from bathroom, latrine and kitchen. e) Ashes: When a solid fuel like coal, wood etc. is burnt, the residue left over is called ash. All these wastes are harmful for living beings, affect plant’s growth and cause diseases. These are disposed off by land filling, incineration and composting. Following table shows various human activities from whic h wastes are generated and their types of waste generated. | Various human activities | Types of waste generation | | | |Domestic wastes |Garbage and peeling of fruits and vegetables, other eatable things, paper, dust, | | |plastic etc. | | | | |Industrial wastes |Waste generated from power plant, construction sites, paper industries, textile | | |mills, cement industries etc. | | | | |Animal wastes, Plant remains and wastes from field etc. | |Agricultural wastes | | | |Garbage; dust, waste water and garbage from kitchen needles, latrine, street, | | |shops etc. |Municipal wastes | | | |Wastes from clinics, hospitals like needles, syringes and bandages. | | | | |Medical-aid-care | | 2. Industrial Wastes : Industries produce large amount of waste. The raw materials used in industries generally comes packed in containers and boxes that are discarded in large quantities. These materials do not get decomposed easily and as such remain in environment ultimately polluting it. Now we study about the wastes released from different industries. a) Iron and Steel Industry: Huge quantities of solid wastes are produced in the manufacturing of steel. This industry uses coal, lime, manganese, iron ore and water as raw materials. These wastes consist of dust, slag and sludge. Many acids are released like hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, nitric acid etc. These kinds of waste products are difficult to dispose. b) Tanneries: The place where leather is made from animal skin is known as Tanneries. The wastes from tanneries cause maximum pollution amongst all the industrial wastes. c) Textile Industry: In textile mills, various fibres are used like cotton, woolen, silk, synthetic etc. For dying the fibre, a lot of water is used. When this water is released as waste, it is mixed with many chemicals. These liquid wastes from this industry pollute the environment. d) Paper and Pulp Industry: The solid wastes produced from these industries are screen dust, chips, mud from bleaching units etc. iquid wastes produced from pulp industry, which are extremely hazardous to the marine creatures. e) Thermal Plants: Thermal power plants require some fuel like coal. It is used to make steam that operates the generator. Tons of ash is left behind known as fly ash. When coal is burnt, other gases are also released along with the smoke as gaseous waste. Th ese wastes are very harmful to the environment. f) Nuclear Power Plants: The major raw materials used in the generation of nuclear power are-uranium and plutonium. Its waste remains radioactive for thousands of years. Hence, it can bring harm even to the future generations. ) Other Wastes: Besides these some industry, rubber-manufacturing industries, detergent industry, etc. produce various kinds of wastes in the environment. Oil refineries and petro-chemical plants release wastes containing mainly hydrocarbons, organic acids and inorganic sulphur compounds. |DO YOU KNOW †¦ | |Slaughter houses are the places which produce wastes like hides, skins, blood, bones, hair etc. These cause water pollution when | |released in water bodies. | 3. Agricultural Waste Agriculture is the process of cultivating the soil, harvesting crops and raising livestock. Modern agricultural techniques have increased. Agriculture includes ploughing, sowing, harvesting, threshing, winnowing, poultry farming, dairy farming, etc. a) Fertilizers: Fertilizers are used to improve the fertility of the soil. These are rich in nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium as such enhance the growth of plants. Fertilizers can be divided into two groups- Chemical fertilizers are made of chemicals that are produced in factories. Plants use only 60% of chemical fertilizers that are added to the soil. Organic fertilizers are made from organic wastes such as animal excreta and plant wastes. These include cow dung and compost, which are bio-degradable. b) Insecticides: Insecticides are used to kill insects that destroy the crop. DDT and aldrin are common insecticide. c) Pesticides: Pesticides are used to kill pests that harm crop. They cause irritation in eyes, fatigue, dizziness etc. d) Herbicides: These are the chemicals, used to kill fungi. E. g. dithiocarbomates. e) Rodenticides: These are the chemicals used to kill rats, mice etc. E. g. non-bromide and strychnine. 4. Municipal Waste: This include garbage, rubbish etc. from offices, markets, hotels, households etc. and the street refuse like sweeping dirt, litter etc. Garbage is generally biodegradable food, wastes and rubbish non-bio-degradable solid waste. Apart from these ashes, dead animals, pipes, wires, insulations, abandoned vehicles constitute the municipal wastes. 5. Commercial Waste: Waste products generated from shops, stores, restaurants etc. are called commercial waste. For example, construction debris, chemicals from printing press, plastic cans, fibres, glasses, cement factories etc. . Medical Waste: The waste things that are generated from laboratories, hospitals etc. are medical waste. These are infectious. Every day a number of patients visit hospitals and clinics. Their treatment generates a lot of infectious waste. It includes bandages, cotton, syringes, expired medicines, plastic bottles, bags etc. All should be disposed off properly as they may be toxic. 7. Electronic Waste: Electronic waste mostly consists of electronic items like abandoned computer parts (monitor, keyboard, CD’s chips, hard disk, floppy, etc. ), mobile phones, T. V, electronic iron etc. 9. Hazardous Waste: These are the substances that cause harm to human beings, plants and the environment. It includes waste water treatment, sludges from electroplating and sludges from oil refineries, dewatered air pollution, blast furnace sludges, radioactive waste and medical waste. Hazardous waste can be divided into five main categories- a) Radioactive wastes b) Bio-medial wastes c) Non-radioactive industrial liquid wastes. The organization chart given below shows the three different types of hazardous wastes. [pic] TYPES OF WASTE Introduction Any material that is discarded after use is referred to as waste. We have learnt in the previous chapter that there exist a number of sources that generate waste. With increase in the industrialization and urbanization, the quality of waste generated is estimated to be up to one ton per family in a year, which is hazardous to living creatures and environment. In order to understand the impacts of waste accumulation in environment, one need to first understand the impacts of waste accumulation in environment, one need to first understand the types of wastes. Types of Waste A waste is a movable object that has no direct use and it is discarded permanently. In other words, ‘Waste’ is something the owner no longer wants at a given place and at a given time and has no current or perceived market value. There are potential risks to the health and environment if these wastes are not handled properly. For this purpose, it is necessary to classify them. Generally, waste is of three types- 1. Bio- degradable Waste 2. Non- biodegradable Waste 3. Toxic Waste The following Organization Chart given below shows the three different types of waste- bio-degradable, non-biodegradable and toxic wastes pic] a) Bio- degradable Waste: Bio- degradable wastes are the waste that decays and mix with the soil. They can be broken into simpler forms by the action of micro- organisms. They are very easy to be disposed off and are disposed off by composting, landfills, etc. They are animal wastes, plant debris, mineral-based products, domestic garbage etc. b) Non- biode gradable Waste: Non-biodegradable wastes are the wastes that do not break into simpler forms by the action of micro- organisms. They also do not decay and mix with the soil. It is very difficult to dispose them off.. The best way of dispose them off is to recycle them. Some examples of non- biodegradable waste are glass, plastic, metals, tin cans, DDT, insecticides, pesticides, electronic waste, mercuric salts, radioactive waste etc. c) Toxic Waste: Toxic wastes include non- biodegradable wastes. However, they are different as they are more dangerous are more difficult to dispose them off. They are the poisonous wastes which do not easily settle down and broken by biological means. It includes municipal waste, agricultural waste, industrial waste and bio-medical waste. It is also important to classify the waste depending on their physical states. Based on physical appearance, waste is of three types- 1. Solid waste 2. Liquid waste 3. Gasous waste The following organization chart given below shows the three types of waste based on physical appearance.